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Autism spectrum disorder is a neurological and developmental disorder characterized by difficulty in communication, showing symptoms such as limitations in verbal or non-verbal communication skills and repetitive behaviors. It is estimated that about one in every 100 children worldwide has autism.

 

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism is a lifelong developmental disorder that causes difficulties especially in social interactions, usually becoming apparent within the first 3 years of life. There may be difficulties with non-verbal communication, such as verbal and eye contact or the use of gestures and facial expressions. Symptoms such as delays or limitations in speech, repetitive behaviors and distinct patterns of behavior may also occur. Autism is often described as a developmental disorder because it becomes apparent early in life, but it can be diagnosed at any age.

In some cases, symptoms of autism may begin before the age of 1 year, while in other cases normal psycho-social development is seen and then a pause or regression in development may be noticed after the first words such as "mama, dada" are uttered. Autism is thought to affect brain structure and functioning, caused by problems in the nervous system. However, the disorder is not related to child-rearing styles or the socio-economic status of the family.

Autism is included in pervasive developmental disorders. Other pervasive developmental disorders include:

• Asperger's Syndrome: A condition in which language development is generally better than in autism.
• Rett Syndrome: A genetic disorder seen only in girls, characterized by shrinking head circumference and severe mental retardation.
• Disintegrative Disorder (Heller’s Syndrome): In the first two years of life, the child's development is normal, but then he/she starts to show autism-like symptoms.

 

What Causes Autism?

Although the exact cause of autism is unknown, it is thought to be the result of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Some genetic factors are known to increase the risk of autism. It is also thought that various factors exposed during the prenatal and perinatal periods may contribute to the development of autism. These may include infections, advanced maternal age, environmental factors such as drugs or chemicals used during pregnancy. However, since there is no single cause of autism, not all of the factors that contribute to its development have yet been clearly identified. Research shows that autism is a complex disorder and the result of the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors.

 

What are the Symptoms of Autism?

Symptoms of autism can manifest in a variety of areas and may differ in each individual. Generally, the main symptoms of autism can be:

• Difficulties in social interaction: Individuals on the autism spectrum often have difficulty interacting with other people. They may have difficulty making eye contact, have difficulty understanding emotional expressions and have limitations in establishing social relationships.
• Restricted and repetitive behaviors: Individuals on the autism spectrum may often stick to certain routines or rituals. Behaviors such as repeating certain movements, showing intense interest in certain objects, or exhibiting stereotypical behaviors may be common.
• Difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication: Individuals with autism may experience delays or limitations in language development. Some may not speak at all, while others may use limited language. They may also have difficulty understanding or using non-verbal communication tools such as gestures, facial expressions and body language.
• Narrow interests: Individuals with autism can often focus excessively on certain topics or objects. These interests can often be unusual or restricted, and they may find it difficult to show interest in other activities or topics.
• Sensory sensitivities: Individuals with autism may be hypersensitive to or have extreme reactions to certain sensory stimuli. For example, they may be hypersensitive to certain textures or sounds.

These symptoms can be seen in varying degrees and combinations in individuals on the autism spectrum. In addition, symptoms may change with age, and in some individuals with autism symptoms may ease over time, while in others they may become more pronounced. Therefore, the symptoms and needs of individuals on the autism spectrum should be assessed on an individual basis.

 

How is Autism Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of autism is usually made through a multidisciplinary approach and is carried out by specialists. The diagnostic process usually involves the following steps:

• Observation and Assessment: To assess a child's symptoms of autism, professionals usually begin by carefully observing the child's behavior and development. These observations are made in areas such as the child's social interaction skills, communication abilities, interests and repetitive behaviors.
• Assessment of Family and Child History: In the diagnosis of autism, the child's family and medical history is also considered. Information provided by the family about the child's development and behavior is important. In addition, the child's previous developmental stages and medical history, if any, are also taken into consideration.
• Developmental Tests and Assessments: Various developmental tests and assessments can be used to measure a child's cognitive, language, motor and social skills. These tests can help identify a child's strengths and weaknesses in specific areas of development.
• Evaluation of Autism Diagnostic Criteria: Based on diagnostic criteria, such as the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the child is assessed for specific autism symptoms.
• Multidisciplinary Assessment: In diagnosing autism, it may often be necessary for a number of specialists (e.g. psychologist, psychiatrist, speech and language therapist, occupational therapist) to come together to assess the child and make a diagnosis.

Diagnosing autism can be complex and take time. Therefore, it is important for parents who are concerned about their child's behavior to contact a qualified health professional to have their child assessed. Early diagnosis and intervention can improve the quality of life of individuals on the autism spectrum and provide a supportive environment.

 

How is Autism Treated?

Autism is a condition that currently has no definitive cure but is managed through a variety of interventions aimed at managing symptoms and improving the individual's quality of life. Autism treatment may involve a multidisciplinary approach and should be customized to individual needs and symptoms. Some treatment and intervention methods used in autism management are as follows:

• Early Intervention Programs: Special education and therapy programs that start at an early age and aim to support the child's development can help children with autism improve their social, communication and behavioral skills.
• Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy: Behavioral therapy is used to change unwanted behaviors and encourage appropriate behaviors. Cognitive therapy aims to change thoughts and beliefs and promote positive behaviors.
• Speech and Language Therapy: Speech and language therapy is aimed at improving the communication skills of individuals with autism and increasing their verbal expression skills.
• Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy: Occupational therapy and physiotherapy can help improve daily living skills and increase motor skills of individuals with autism.
• Medication: In some cases, psychiatric medication may be used to manage the symptoms of autism. However, medication can only help relieve certain symptoms and does not cure autism.
• Family Education and Support Programs: Education and support programs for families of individuals with autism can help families learn strategies to cope with autism and meet the needs of their children.
• Social Skills Training: Social skills training can be given to individuals with autism to help them develop social interaction skills and build social relationships.

Treatment and interventions should be customized according to the needs and symptoms of the individual with autism. It should be remembered that each individual is different and the treatment plan should be individually assessed. It should also be kept in mind that early diagnosis and intervention are extremely important in terms of improving the quality of life of individuals with autism and maximizing their potential.

 

Why choose HealthTürkiye?

Türkiye has become a sought-after destination for medical tourism, thanks to its well-established healthcare system and highly trained medical professionals. HealthTürkiye, an official representative of the Türkiye healthcare system, has been authorized by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye to assist international travelers seeking medical care in Türkiye. USHAŞ is a government-affiliated organization that makes it easier for international travelers to get the right direction and guidance for medical services. HealthTürkiye offers specialized services to guide patients from all over the world in accessing top-quality medical services in Türkiye.

HealthTürkiye provides a wide range of medical facilities and advanced technology to ensure that patients receive the best possible care. The organization collaborates with the foremost hospitals in the field to develop personalized treatment plans for each patient, considering their specific needs and preferences. The medical professionals at these hospitals are highly trained and experienced, ensuring that patients receive safe, effective, and high-quality care.

Building on the achievement of HealthTürkiye, Türkiye strives to position itself as the greatest global center for healthcare services. By prioritizing inclusive and readily available healthcare services, as well as embracing cutting-edge technology and specialized knowledge, Türkiye has emerged as an appealing destination for individuals seeking medical tourism opportunities.

If you would like to benefit from Türkiye's healthcare services, HealthTürkiye will meet you the best medical care.